LANGE  LIBRARY  C  EDUCATION 

UNIVERSITY  OF   CAL.IPORNIA 

BERKELEY.  CAUFORNiA. 


UC-NRUF 


,b5 

as 


1, 


Another  use  of  Van  wageKen's  Table   I:      to  coTioute 
spelling  ages   from  the  Buckingham  .^Jxtension 
of  the  Ayres  Spelling  Scale 


By 


Walter  S.  Morgan 
A. a.  1919 


'i'HiSlS 
Submitted  in  partial  satisfaction  of  the  requirements  for  the  degree  of 

IjIAoTiJR  OF  Ai\T3 
in 

■Education 
in  the 

^'■AmkT'^  Division  T.  w  .  H  ftri 

of  the 

UlilV^iiyiTY  OF  OALiFOKNiA 


^\i  ^C-'-y-^  \0\S:  z^^-JcXf^AM] 


LTTb 


The  Par  OPS  e  of  the  St;ad.v 

Mucators  havo   be«J.  oonoorned  for  some  time   to  know 
jast  vhat  roiationship  exists  between  the  general  mental 
ability  and  the  spelling  ability  of  sohooi  children,     ^e 
norms  have  been  availsole   for  some  time  nov.  for  scores  on 
such  tests  as   the  Woody-UcCall  Mixed  Fuiidamentals,    the  Trabae- 
ifelley  Completion  Test  Mxeroisos,   the  Ihorndilce  Handwri tiT-g 
Bcale,   tl-ie  Thorndike-McCail  Silent  lieading  Scales,  aa*    the 
Thorndike  Visual  Vocabulary  Scales,      fferetofore,  however,   there 
have  been  no  sige  norms  set  up  for   performance  in  soellirg.     As 
a  result,   it  has  been  impossib  e  to  determine  accurately  Just 
vrhat  relationship  the  spellinii  ability  of  school  children 
bears   to   their  general  intelligence.     The  purpose  of  this 
study  is   to  set  forth  a  method  of  determining   the  amount  of 
eo-relationship  -  or  correlation  -  existing  betv-eer    these   two 
functions. 

Oeneral  atethod,  of  the  Stady 
The  method  followed  in  this  study  v.as   (1),   to  determine 
by  an  adequate  group  test  of  morital  ability  the  Group  Intelli- 
gence Qaotientt  of  the  pupili>   to  be   tested;   (2),   to  obtain  by 
a  method  to   be  estjblishou,    the  SfXJlling  quotients   of  the   same 

665:^83 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/anotheruseofvanwOOmorgrich 


;)ii;)ila;  (a),   t.»  ooraoato   tiic  oorrel.-itljr  coeffJOloVt  of  tris  tv-o 
sets   ui'  qautiorits* 

u!ne    jaiiit^   r  .ieotea   tor   teatinf  vero   tnu..e   i«  e;ifiUos 
6-A  to  Q-fl.   i»,C4.aBive  (A  ir;4laati>.i;  t>©   Itr.  ar  half  of  tho  ►irade, 
ants   3  iuf^iciuti}^;   ti»o  uripei    nai-r)«    in   Uie    <fe.i,,,"il  ixii-riai      uhaol 
Of  AlanMidR.  Oaliforni&.     These  ^rauoi:  v.er<;  rsiected  since  trie 
lasts  aduitied  urion  ate  es^iecialiy  apiili enable  ti^erein*  a&(i  be- 
uf.Uirft  i'v  Is   iti  t  leee  |,ra6os   that  soollir^;^  ability  jwiy  moat 
easiljr  ae  m«3asure<J«     'i^tin  total  sambee  of  >j>a.)iiE!  tested  vas  203« 
Of  thtise,  hov^Ttir,  somo  missed  osjo  oj*   the  othei    of  the  teste, 
;ior©ov!!j-,  a  nurauci    of  tho  tosts  had  to  be  throv?n  oat   foi^   lack 
of  information,  such  a,s   Urn  ©hrunoiotiicai  a«e  of  tno  pupil.   2he 
result  was  tfe^t  hoth  nentr-X  tests  ajisi  soellls^;  tests  wero  fl>,aliy 
availatilo  for  only  182  of  the  totRl  203   juplls. 

!i?he  Uriti^Q   L^t^lllc^cnoe  ^aotlen^s 
!a»e  ment«i   t«st  solect-eu  was    the  ^rmatj  dtoiia  Test  of 
ife&tal  Ability,   uf  thich  Porra  4  Y;a9  namir-^istered  to  tr>e  -junils* 
I'hci  Sroap   tnteili^wiooe  quotients   (a.I.\i.*s)  were  outainsd  by 
the  method  pro>usau  by  IXx,  t?,  Q,   Keatoj  ,   Aj?8ist.-i:.t  liiroctsa-  of 
lesearoh,   in  a  report  to  ur,  Virgil  B.  JJickBov.,   li rector    of 
''  esearcii  ar.d 


Ouid^noe,   OaklwMi   (CkI.)    >aolic  Sohools,   in  Uay,  1921.     The 
raentsal  t%^  normc  far  scores  on  tho  7nrman  liroun  Tost  vhich  were 
t»ed  iii  this   staay  voro   those  estHbllsheci  by  ]>r.  Termai.,   not 
those  actnpted   therefVcm  by  Sir.   •  ector.     The   nonie   u8om  follow. 

Table  I 

ItoKtai  A^e  Equivalentc   for  Tcoros  on  tho 

!7Brman  droi^)  Vest  of  Mental  Ability 


Tears  : 

4  .  .o  .  n     t  h 

s 

- 

5   )     i 

2 

2    4    5 

6    7    8    9 

^  } 

Ai 

1!       9           il 

12 

14   15   17 

18   2'   21   23 

24 

iiS 

il  27       29       30       32       33       35       38       ZQ       39        41       42       44 

12  45       47        48        SQ       51        b^       64       56       57        59        60        52 

17.  6.->       55       66       6B        o9        71        7fe        74       7  b       77        70        80 


-14 

01 

63 

84 

6o 

ti7 

89 

90 

9ii 

93 

95 

So 

96 

lb 

99 

101 

102 

104 

106 

107 

1»8 

ll.i 

111 

113 

114 

116 

16 

117 

119 

121) 

122 

123 

125 

12S 

ISS 

129 

1^1 

132 

134 

17 

135 

1;57 

137 

i;:9 

140 

143 

143 

145 

146 

1^ 

149 

151 

10 

15. 

155 

15i 

158 

159 

131 

lo2 

154 

165 

137 

166 

17U 

19 

171 

17a 

174 

176 

177 

179 

lis' 

182 

183 

185 

186 

188 

2U 

1B9 

191 

192 

194 

195 

197 

198 

2'0 

201 

2U3 

20A 

2.>6 

21 

207 

,i09 

210 

21ii 

213 

215 

216 

218 

gl9 

221 

222 

224 

The  method  of  oalcul  .ting  Crrau7   Intelil^ence  t^uotiente 
on  th«  basis  of  DcoreQ  mado  on  the     Tensnin  (iroap  Test  nay  be 
exemplified  b^  the  foiIov>lng  case*     Pupil  X  made  a  score  of  90 
on  tho  test.     The  mentai  age  equivalent  for  a  score  of  90  on  the 
Teman  Groar)  Test  is  14  years,  6  mont'is.     This  mental  a^e  reuuced 
to  months  Is  174  months.     The  pupil's  chronolOi,icai  age  at  the 
tinie  of  tnkini;  tho   test  v.as  13  years,  7  months,   or  163  months. 
!Ihe  Group  Int&iligeiioe  4uotiont,   like   the   I.   Q.  derivod  from  the 
Binet-Bimon  individoal  test  is   tho  quotient  obfiinsd  by  dividing 
the  mntal  a^  by  the  chronologioul  a^e.     In  this  case  tho  mental 
a^;e  is  174  months,   the  ohronolotj;loal  •(£«  1S3  months.     !&o  quo- 
tient obtsiinod  by  dlvidirsg  174  by  163  is  1.J7,  a  fi.    I.   Q.   of  107. 

Using  this  process  aau  tiie  norms  ^'ivor.  in  Table   I,   the 
suores  astue  by  tije  pupils  vjom  oonverted  into  raoKtai  ages, 
uonsldering  only  tlie  182  cases  for  '^hich  both  >i.    I.   4»*b  and 
Spelling  ^uotisnts  v.ere  obtained,   tha  following  rasalta  were 

1.  ITotal  r:ai4;e  of  G.    I.   4.  *s  "^  70  .  166 

2.  Iksim  Gr.    I.  ;i,  =.   Iij5.51 

3.  ntaad*rd.©BTlaUoR  of  Q.    l.  4.*s=  i.i.:'4  +  .S'JSe 


since  there  *i  re  available  na  smo  norma   for  achievement  In 
spelll!<^«   it  V/8S  neoossary  either  to  establish  suc-h  norms,   or  to 
adopt  soiofj  other  ^oce&ore  r^h^ch  vsould  be  equally  Talid  for   obtain, 
ing;  spellinci  SkCf'S.      It  wsic    the  sug^restion  of  Lr.    '"aymoriO    frai.aen, 
of  the  Des  Moinos   ( Ia« }   ;iaroaa  of  'osearch,   that  tJie  ^raue  norms 
fai    tJ«e  50^  lists  of  the  tJuckirvjham  extension  of  the  Ayres 
Speillni;  Ecalo  bo  convertoo  -i  ?ns,   aiai  t  >  's 

Table  I  (Teachers*  Ooiiege     ficoid,     iivowbor,   192u)    b.i  aaa^itea  to 
detemise,   from  the  pupils*  scoros  on  these  lists,   the  exact 
point  of  50%  soocess  and  failure* 

The  first  taslc  Ir.  this  connection  vr:.s  to  Ueolda  apoti  aga 
norms  for  the  grnde*;^.     Aft»     s«ne  search  and  communication  soae 
fifty  thousauii  (5u,4&6}  caaos  were  locatad,  di3trii>ateu  by  half- 
year  of  age  in  half.year  of  gtaiie»     In  each  case  tho  term  '*year'* 
sl^^tified  between  nine  mt.d  three  months,  while  "half- year"  meant 
betv«en  three  ar.d  nine  months.     Thus,   in  each  c^se,   the  six  year 
group  incXoded  nil  impils  betveen  flvo  years  nine  months  and 
six  years  three  months  of  age}  while  the  six  and  one-half  year 
^oup  included  all  piv^ils  between  six  jfeare  three  months  and  six 


-6- 
years  nine  mmthe  of  &«;»• 

The  nombor  of  nuplls   its  eacii  half-year  oV  gr^de  is   as 
follows t 

Table  H 
iiisirioatloTi  of  50,456   "a|>iis, 
Grruios  1-b  to  3-a«   iy.clasive. 

^^MO      ,  Wf     1"^,  -'-^     a-a     ^-b     ''^'^    M.^     ^a     ».p     i^^->.     ^h,    >-a     7-b     7-q 

U^^,ot^  jaa  -s  ^bS?  ...^^^  Sdc^^^^v    ^'^^A  ^^>-H  .>.>57  1:^7^  3^o7  a^?u  ai70  ;^>^  2Vwo  ^^4, 

^o.   v>f  Cases  240S  fi.l3u     50,49^^ . 

7Jie  aKj-Ji  at:«s   for  liiilf-yBar  of  gratia  obtainaa  frors  iha 
above  cas<<s  acot 

table  III 
Jfeaii  Af,  !S   foj'  ffelf-Yoar  of  Sraae,  50,4&d  Paplls 


a 

1-a 

2-a 

7,-b 

.-W*. 

4-b 

4-a 

5-b 

5-s 

ti-b 

^a 

7. 

.•3 

7-a 

Afeo 

6,24 

7.U4  7.47 

8,12 

3,90 

9,33 

9.7S  10.18  10.69   11.41   11.91   1 

:,3^ 

1£ 

^7? 

13.  31 

-i 

6.-.b 

8-a 

ML 

■i-,    \:e 

.i;!*^ 

X^flZ 

The  cities  in  vhich  the  ouoils  are  loeat.- j ,  araflL  the  noabor  in 
each*   art!  Ilapa,  valif,  -  1096 j  autte,  Mont.  -  6332;  '^ookford.    111.  - 
69Lf  ?  iS,    Ia.,-154:54j  ar^  Ht.    Paal,   mun.-  20776;  total  -  50456, 

^^  j(i«  the  abovQ  at.  an  a^s  givo  age  norms  for  whole  year  of 

grades 


-7- 

Table  IV 
Mb  .n  A^es  for  V'hola  Year  of  Srade*  $0,455  ?iipil8 
Grades   1-8,    ir.cl. 


Grude                    1            2         3         4         5 

6            7            8 

Jo.n   ^,<;           ,  i.i4   7.,,C)  9,07  9,'-q    1;.-^ 

i:..j9    i.:.iC  iS.SV 

lo,  of  :;as.iB  b::u;i  6:7ii  <iUpu  62.-o  6i>.j?  . 

iiiiici o500      4535 

3i?  asing  the  meat.   IncroraHj-.t  of  itgOt  1.0357,  v.hich  L 
Vie  numijrtr  of  years  r«qaired  b^'  the  av<.*rajj'3  of  tho  50,456 
chlldran  t^  co^solete  one  year  of  grade*   the  above  norno  ^^ere 
ex tended  tos 

fable  V 

A^Q  norms  fOT  Chrades  9-12  inol. 

■'xtenuotl  by  Use  of  Jfeai.   Increraert  of  %e   3et\.een  Ctr»-d«s. 


^£2M 2 i^ .-U ia- 


A  saiaraary  of  tho  abovs  d3ta  Is  b^V''   iw  "able  VI. 


?flehitiiqae  for  Otjtair.in<:  S;j^l,llT;g  Arq 
Aftor  having  eEtablishGd.  a^-o  norras  for   the  grades,   the 
next  atop  vae  %>  evolvo   (or  adait )  a  techniqoe  of  testing  and 
scorLr^i  which  woald  res-ilt  Ir,  fspellint<  age.     The  followint^  is  the 
orocess  v.hlch  t.as   ased. 

GiviriK  %l\B  7,f>s,ts, 

The  first  teT>  v;orde  vere  Sdlocted  tram  aach  of  the  5J% 
lists  1-.,  T.   7,  X  aid  Z,   and  t^  the  first  eie^nt  varus  in  list 
a  b  T.'ere  added  oriO  vtord  of  appruxias&teiy  equal  dlffio^lt^  fron 
each  of  lists  a  and  c.     Ordlr&ry  B;iJeiliE«  (>^pdr  v  is  distri- 
'oated,   tlie  ;mpils  lioing  giver,  detailed  InstruotiOKS  for  platoiag 
at  the  top  of  the  fihaet  the  follovlng  Iteme  of  inforicationi 
name,  grade  (for  aoroosss  of  identifteation)*  date,   and  age 
In  years  ariA  mouths   (to  the  nearest  fifteen  days.) 

The  fordr.  verQ  dictated  cloari:/,  each  bolr^g  retreated  in 
a  sentence  or  definition,   so  that  there  sh/uid  be  no  aimacos- 
sary  confusion  of  similar  frords.     The  panlls  v.roto  the  words   In 
ink.     ??aeh  list  was  diot»trK>  setxiratniy,    the  pupils  being  instroc. 
ted  to  place  at  the  itesA  of  each  list  of  ten  veords  the  proifisr 
literal  designatioa,   ifuiieatlng  the  SOjK  list  f*om  ^ifhich  they  were 
tajces.      i^io  dictation  vas  as  raoid  as  -«as   felt  to  be  eonei8-> 
tent  witli  fairnoss  to  the  [juoII,  caro  beln^  taken  that  the   r^apils 


-9- 
shoaid  not  copy  from  one  ai:jthQr.     "ho  pFipais  v.bo  oolleoted 
as  soon  na   the  diet  ti jn  was  completed, 

h^i.    c-.iLiQGtQdt  the    >awrE  wore  rnarked  by  the  examiner. 
Aii  voras  act*»il:y  mlBspellou  or  omitted  vore  marked  by  a 
check  {w^,    the  namlior  of  saan  ml«enallea  or  omitted  rord« 
boisig  (jlacQd  lit  tiia  head  of  each  list.     Ai  ■   words  *ero  con- 
Biderod  oorreat  unless  manifestly  incorrect  or  owittmi, 
erasores  or  char,g«s  -;^  sor.sidpad  errors   If  the  words 

Trejrs  clearly  correct. 

Cqra)>tttinK;  3:?:dlvi<.V<&l  t^pelling  A^Tee 
In  order  tj  dotenaine  vhich  isrs.6   the  more  eeonomlcal 
administratively,  two  methods  of  scoring   the   tests  and  of 
Computing  the  Individuai  spelling  fgos  were  assdj   (i),   that 
i2£ed  wi  th  the  Traboa-Eelley  Can  >lation  ?est  ?hcercisee  for 
determining  individual  nerforasar.oe  levels,  and  (2),   the  laetto- 
od  proposed  by  Tan  Tageaeii,  «*klch  ie  based  on  th©  former 
method. 


-10- 

For  obtaining   indlvidaal  soorus  on   the  TrauiM-Kelloy 
Cors'iletion  T<i)!  t  l£xeroi8"8,  a  K<,oor<l  aid  ^aloulatiun  C^heet  Is 
pri>»to(i  or,   tho  rovorso  of  oaoh  Coraolet Lor.   %8t  blar.k*     This 
shdot  consists  in  a  tablo  of  six  oolmris,  rosoeotiToly  as   follomt 
I*  droui  of  "ontenooBj  H,  Av     !<if^  Difficulty;  HI  T!a»  Poors; 
17,  Deoroaso  in  Ba«  r>43oros;  7  !Jld.poii.t   'tetv-esn  Uroa>s;  and  71, 
ProdaotB,    Iv  X  7.     ?h«  Porforrnanoo  Level  or  Boore  is  then  ob- 
tained by  alvidir^;  by  1'   the  sum  of  the  /jroduots   obtait.ad  by 
raaiiiplvin^  eaoh  Seorease  in  ?.av;  Hoors  by  tb«  oorrespocdl ng 
ini<i-point  (of  diffouity)   3o  iweoii  Sroups. 

Oow^nietior:  '^ost    Ixero/EO  Jethoti  AU;tj)t<f>.u,  fui 

In  aroter    to  asi^  tills  method   In  computing  s;)nllin£  agfi, 
it  rna  neacssaiv  to  uoterniir.a  the  mio-points  of  ?i<5«  boi*e«»?;  tho 
graded!.     Theer.-  mid-noints,   basud  on   the  mean  a^^'us   ir.  Tables    17  and 
7,   aret 

5?able  711 
'Ud^oointr.   of  At^o   15etwe<tn  Crndes,   50,455   !»iit)il8 
'irad'^ff  I   to  9".   ire  .asJ,  V  ■,   '^nd  «3tt»»nd'-jd  t.>  Grade  12 


Graues          1-2     2-3      3-4        4-5        5-S 

;i-7 

7-8 

8-9         -r)       10-11    11-12 

rirSr^ 

1..4' 

i..4I    15,4.    1^.48    17.52 

!0)en,    to  ootain  sjielllif^,  agos,   a  t/iblo  vas  oonstrueted 
b7)8od  on  thnt  tt^  .)d  with  the  (^ari;)letion  Tost  iSxeroisoB,      In  this 


-11- 

OH. '-:   the  "Groao  of  .ehtanttos"  cola  ^   'je«cirn«  ;.  jwia^nn  h-^-  ■        '' 
List";  the  ♦•Average  liffioulty"  colmm.  becaac  u  ooiotm 
Age";  th«  cola?«m  of  "Raw  Looro"  vvaa  <thar«dd  to  a  column  of  "'Arrors" 
{errors  wnjre  aseU  since  thoy  are  in  fiyjaiier  nuiab.ri;   than  total 
Booree  and  therefore  fevtr  errors  are  ant  to  be  Bade  In  caloolatios) ; 
the  oolanm  of  "Beorease  in  iiav.  SCOTee"  v.as  called  "Deviation";  the 
oolonm  "Uid^point  -'ietween  Crroaps"  was  retained  ae  a  column  ol 
"iilldpoints" ;  aM  the  sixth  coIiwe  remained  a  eolunm  of  prodoot* 
sailed  "JDeviatioB  x  Hiti-noir.t." 

Vable  VIII 
?abia  for  Oaloula  ting  ?09llln*i  %©8  f^^  the 
Baoldngham-Asrros  i-aelling  "^oale:  based  on  the  Jrabue-Kelley 
Oomoietion  iefst  Sxorcise  Tiecord  ar.d  Calcaisti->n  '^heet. 


Ui  , 

.    iiy . 

"*  ~~ 

V 

vi 

5U5  Uet 

-.rvoj^s  . 

.;;^vi   T, 

»S»'T 

.•io-?ai„ 

&.1'6 

9.52 

r- 

il.^>5 

ii.51 

V 

12  .-iS 

11.57 

.:>.5:j 

13.89 

1..4v 

a-b-3 

..x-i.?^  



.  Hi^^    , 

Totai  10 


10     "'*"* 


In  the  above   tabiR  itea  I  Inclaaes   th«  letters  given  by 
AyrMi  and  Baojcinghan  to  the  lists  of  v.  or  da  from  v-hioh  those  oset 


■  ;,       i  .  ,     aeie  of  ouplls  at  ths  grade 

for  wiicn  6»J/c   is    tiio  avorajja  score  on  the  ll9t»   Irsdioated  In 
Itera  I.     (fee  arables   Vf  a\.d  V.)      Iter,   HI   la  the  nitmhht  of  Kords 
«tlssi«ll«6  1»  each  list  of  ten,      Itom  17  Is  the  differenuo  between 
the  number  of  erxors  in  efi<ih  list  at:d   tha  nusiber  of  errors  in 
the  nrocodlrig  list  {  he  dovistior,  it;  erior  fro-n  o?ie  list  to  tiio 
next.)  Uw  -nid-iWint  in  b^.g  bet:  racle  and  the 

procet.x..(,  s,i..v.v.  (sen  fPabie  VII).     Item  VI  i-    > ...»     .wuaot  of  Itaas 
IV  and  7«   l*e*,  deviation  ti  es  mld»!JOint*     l^e  epellin^-  age 
is  obtal7.ed  by  dlvidi'^j  tho  sum  of  itens  anuer  VI  by  the  total 
aaiount  of  deviation*  which  is  aiv.&yg  10  (sinao  the  deviritions  are 
it.  errors,  yOiitSn  r^.^i  from  I  to  10}* 

^09,   the  rjapii*s  speliir^g  a^e  Is  found  by  dividing  by 
ten  the  sura  of  the  Proauct  Sosi&r.ts   ob^ineil  by  mttlti plying  the 
mid->polnts  in  ai;':^  Setv«<2n  grrtdes  oy  the  asioant  of  deviation  in 
errors  betveen  gr-*de  lists  of  v.ards.     13io  svtn  of  the  Prodaai 
Uaments  is  divided  by  ten  beo^  use  ten  is  the  stiro  of  tiie  deviations 
and  therefore'  the  number  of  cascst     the  q^otler.t  is  then  the  true 
weighted  mann  or  av»rai^« 

The  follovin^c  exi:im<)le  givjs  a  concrete  iilostiatlon  of 
the  method  usedt 


-13- 


fable  Til 


r 

II 

lU 

:i 

V 

VI 

50^  List 

J^y.: 

Mid-DQlnt 

^ev»  .35    • 

idoo'rt  (iv«.y) 

B 

9.- 6 

0. 

9.52 

11,05 

2 

z 

2i.Ui. 

V 

12.09 

3 

1 

11.57 

il.57 

% 

i-":-.      b> 

5 

2 

12.50 

r;5.  -0 

U-,o<a 

8 

3 

13.40 

40.20 

a-b-c 

i^^«?^ 

ao 

^„ 

^4tii 

f^i^.^S 

Tot;^! 


10 


i.;       -  12, 


ii=: 


Liln, 


In  the  above  case  the    mipil  aiade  0  ftrrors  in  list  '  t  2 
In  7,  3  ii.  V,  5  in  X,  8  in  Z  aid  10  in  a-b-o.     Th«  dRvlatioos 
lii  errors  ,ire:  fron  0  tJ  2,  or  2;  from  2  to  3,  or  1;  from  3  to 
5,   or  2;  frj«)  5  to  8,    or  3 ;   nA  from  8  to  10,  or  2:   tot^il  -  10. 
^Jultipisring  deviations  by  raid-points,   the  orodactE  ^l.o2,   11.57, 
atu.,  are  obtalced.     XHb  sum  of  these  orodoots  is  IvjS.Sl.     Ths 
sosB,  divltteu  by  the  mv.  ov   fnr.  owlationB,  10,  gives   the  qaotiont 
IC.&^l,  vhioh  is  the  so  of  tie  pupil  in  this  ease. 

The  abovo  method  proved  rather  lon^thy  asd  involved,   the 
men  methoa  oromisiE^  to  bo  much  more  «oonj«ieal  of  tl^ne, 
Jlnjii   it  aliminntes  a  nomo&r  of  the  ooerations  necessary  to  the 
iloiwar. 


^e  Var^  ^  af^or^en  Metfhod  of 
LAlat,iry;  Iiidividaai    >9rformQRoe  Levels 
Adantad  X,o     onoat'^  ;   >elXli 


414. 


Aftfir  sonKi  ©X£XJi  Imentatlun  vlth  a  nanbsr   of  oases  it  vtits 
foanti   that  BpelllBf:  a^eB  ooalci  ba  oomnated  wi  Vs  ooneiderable 
facility  by  ada»tiiK-r  Ver,  vsgon^n's  Tabio  I  a^  's  Tribl©   II. 

Van  'vagat.en's  "able   I  ie  si  '  ily  a  tabi  .i  nance 

Levels  or  ^cores  'wihiah  -.uald  correi -KiJid  to  rtny  number  of  errors 
tram  one  to  tei;  raaae  at  anj?  scnie  sto;)  frcKi  or.e  to   fifteen  on 
an  eAuoaticmal  scale,     fince  the  table  is  oonstruoted  on  the 
basis  of  a  River,  number  of  errors  at  a  giver  scale  step»  oorrec- 
tlon  mast  be  oaao   for  the  nombrtr  of  errors  Bade  at  l^s  difficalt 
scale  stO;>s.     Tbie  is  dose  by  Siibtractir^  from  the  score  obtained 
in  the  above  a&m^er  one-tentii  the  sum  of  the  errors  made  at  the 
Icjss  difficult  scale  steps. 

Table   tl  is  correctlo-  ■ v    lues  to  be 

added  to  the  aooimt   i,u  u=.  cv^i -tracted  frj     «...■.  -..-..,   -  ar,  the 
least  diffioait  scale  Vjilao  has  tv^o  or  more  errors* 

Since  fai;  "agenen's  •«>»1«»   I  Is  in  terna  of  whole-number 
Sc  il©  sterns,   it  v-as  f uond  necessary  to  interpolat 
declsial   :jart    r  -  for  grades,  nvhen  the   iat'. 

-    -    -■■   ---    -   ru-j.'B.      ;jf    v!*i£s  :>aroose  an  extension  of  ..^o 

VIS  for  the  i^urjoae  of  this  stody,  iping  interpolated 


-15- 
Table   IX 
Excerpt  from  Yan  "agenan's  table   I,   for  Coraputing 
Merm  Indivirtual  Tcorea   in  idacational 
'Jcales , 
(Ida  ted  to  Compate  -oelling  Ai^cs. 


Scale  Staos 

— — — — 

ikrors 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

X 

11.5 

12.5 

13.5 

14.5 

13.5 

17.5 

16.6 

2 

10.5 

11.6 

12.6 

13.6 

14.6 

15,6 

3 

10.2 

a.2 

U.2 

13.2 

14.2 

15t2 

x^.z 

4 

«.6 

lu.S 

11.8 

12.8 

1-3,8 

14.8 

15.5 

5 

9.5 

10.5 

11.5 

12.5 

15.5 

14.5 

6 

iO.2 

11. ii 

12. £ 

;3.2 

14,2 

15.2 

7 

9.0 

10.0 

11,0 

12.0 

13,0 

14.0 

15.0 

8 

8.8 

9.8 

10.8 

11.8 

12.8 

13.8 

14,8 

9 

_.8.6 

9.6 

.10,6 

11.6 

12.6 

1^.6 

14.6 

™^.^ 

,9»5 

Jgs^ 

11.5 

J^h^ 

IS. 5 

Jd&L. 

Interpolation  can  be  made  on  the  above  table  by  adding  to 
each  V.  \7.  Value  the  correction  necessary,   the  correction  in 
each  case  being  the  difference  between  the  V.  T.'.  Scale  Ctep 
and  the  E»an  Age  used  in  its  place.     iHias   the  following  table 
«a£  obtained* 


-IS- 
Table     X 
TablQ  of  Interpolations  for  GomaatiKi,'  Bpelling  Ages 
Adapted  from  Vmr,  v,'agenen*s  Table   I 


Grade 

4       i:          6  . 

7             B 

9          10 

Mean  Aee 

9.96  ii.u5   xr..09 

12.90  13.69 

14.95  15.96 

"Errors 

1 

12. 4S   ia.05   14.59 

15.40   16.39 

17.43   ie.4S 

2 

11.5b   lil.cif.   i:>.69 

14.50    15.49 

16.3b   17.56 

il.lb    iii.^S,  12,29 

16.13   17.16 

4 

,   10.76   ll.oS   12.8; 

13.70   14.6- 

16. 7£.    16.76 

5 

10.46   11.55  lii.5v 

13.40   14.39 

],5.45   i6.46 

6 

10.15   11.25   L':.29 

13.10   14.09 

15.13   16.15 

7 

9.yu  11.05   12.09 

12.9U  13.69 

14.93   15.96 

8 

9.76  10.85  11.89 

12.70   13.69 

14.73   15.76 

9 

9.56  10.65  U.69 

12.50   13.49 

,A,9.,.. „-. 

5,»i^-iO,a55J1.^2, 

,A.^iii,k2aat 

.14^43   15.45 

Var.  Wagenen's  Table   II,  rearranged,   is  as  foliowe: 
Table     XI 
Table  of  Corrections  to  Scores  on  Elducational  Scales  for 
errors  oi    TiOv^est  values  in  Fcale 

irrors  9         8         7  o     ""E        4         3 2 

Ada  to  Amount 

to  be  "ubtr acted     2.1     1  t5__l.RQ_^.X..— «5_   -•?       -^ .,,_,:l^^ 

©lis  table  should  be  readt  viisn  the  lo^'est  v' lue   (list  of 

•words)  has  9  errors,  add  2.1  to  tho  amount   to  be  subtracted  (from 

value  obtairied  from  Table  X);  vtoen  it  has  8  errors,  add  1.3  to  the 

amount  to  be  subtracted,  etc. 


-17- 
By  usiag  the  tvo   table  above   (Tables  X  ami  XI),    the 
process  of  obtaining  siJelling  ages  was  reuderecl  extremely 
simple* 

Steps  ir^  Obtaining  Sp.e^inK  Age 
Tj8i,nK  Van,  "^^agenen's  Table  i.,  adapted,  and  gable,  IJ, 

!rhe  entire  prooess  was  reduced  to  a  maximum  uf  fire- 
a  rainimom  of  four  -  simple  steps. 

1.     Ada  the  number   of  errors  rnsde  above  the   last  list  of 
words  attempted. 

2»     Diviae  this   sura  by  ten. 

3.  Ii:  case  two  or  moi-e  errors  ai'e  made  on  the  easiest 
list  attetopted,   find  in  Table  XI  the  amount   to  be  adaed  to  the 
quotient  obtained  in  2* 

4.  Find  in  Table  X  the  interpolated  Van  'Vagenen  7alue 
corresi>ondir,g  to  the  number  of  errors  made  on  the  last  (most 
difficult)  list  of  v ords  attempted. 

5.  Subtract  from  the  interpolated  ?.  V/,  Value  obtained 
in  4  either  the  quotient  obtained  in  2,  or  the  sum  obtained  in 
3, 

THE  SUM.  IE  TH3  SP6a[.LIl«J  A{}£. 


-18- 

Tii  exemplify  th:^  method  usud,   tv.o  cases  will  be  cited: 
(l),    that  of  a  pupil  v.ho  inade  no  errors  on  the  ep-siest  list  of 
v.'ords ;  ai.d   (2),    that  of  a    japil  vlio  made  two  or  moreerrors  oq 
the  easiest  list  attoiriptud. 

Exainple  1 


List         fitean  A^e     Errors 


R 

9.9u 

0 

T 

11.05 

2 

V 

12.09 

3 

X 

12.90 

5 

z 

i3.se 

8 

16  1.8 


a-b-c  14. 9E  lu  10 

Ir  ExaiTiple  1,    tiie   pupil  raatie  18  errors  above  the  last  list 
attempted.     One-tenth  of  18  is  1.8.     Loolting  for   14.93  (the  mean 
age  for  the  last  list  attempted},   in  the  Mean  Age  colujnn  at  tha 
top  of  iTable  X  and  foilov.'ing  ^vn  the  c olaan  until  0;?posite  10 
(the  nisnber  of  errors  made  in  the  last  list  attempted)   in  the 
Error  c^iMiim,  gives  us   tha  interpolated  V.  '\7.  V^lue,  14.43.  ?ab- 
tracting  from  l<i:.43  one-tenth  the  sam  of  the   errors  made  above  the 
last  list  attenrpted,  which  is  18  divided  by  10,   or  1.8,  gives  as 
12.53,    the  spellirig  age  of  the   oupil. 


z    ,  , 

V          12../y^ 

5  , 

. .  .4 

l-^«^i^      .A. 


Ic  a«,a."9>le  2»   y.cj  ,i_i,__  .    .      

list  attesipted,     On»>testh  of  20  iE  2»0»      fat   t««  ^aoll  ?^ 

2  errors  or;   t. !«  ttaai^st  list  attempted.  of 

•1   to  toe  ad-oui   to  tHe  e-mount   ta 

Mdisg  th«8a  gtvcs  a,l.     Laaklr^  fOi    14.':'., 

lAst  list  attt«!tpt9ii)  iB  the  mm\  Age  oolomu^    -.   ^ 

X  n:-t.  frsllowir^:  Sm^.n  wttii  on/KWite  10  fthn  n*^">nr  o 

15  isffit  list  Of  vAwdf.  otiftw>  .  OB    ths  ralae 

i4«4i>.     r«&tri«tiag  from  U.-i."^  t  .  .,  givoi 

12*33*   tiif?  BjeiliKg  iHj«  af  ti«B   yjipii. 

laa  ^n^AJt^tf  sH9^i»n^^  i^oW.^.^. 

B;^  ti^  ttSQ  of  thltB  adaptatian  of  Var.  >>ai;r:i^R*s  Table   I 

Spellixii;  itae-s  WW®  comrmted  for  "j"*^   ^     .,<t-    --...  ^{^  g^   |,   - 

had  B«en  o^ts.l>.«tii  tHr<>«igh  the  at  '  '  2o8t  of 

mant&i  ability*     Those  siKtlliRK;  agf^e  iHir«  ooTtverted  i&td  Sgelllsg 
Hoatieate  Isy  dividing  9<*eii  by  ti^e  chraniloir  riapil 

at  t^)«»  tins  of  takint?  lJfi«)  test*  with  ^le  follow >^ut^  4^«ii«ti,tss 


-20- 

1.  Total  Bajage  of  Spelllniii  Quotients  ...  61  -  137 

2.  Mean  Spelling  Quotient 98.01 

3.  Standard  Iteviation  of  Spelling  Q'a...  12,86  _  .4876 

Cornoaris  m  ^  0.  I.  Q.  *a  and  Sp.  Q.*b. 
A  comparison  of  the  results  may  be  given  briefly. 
Nomber  of  Cases  182 

Kanges 
Bg.  G.  I.  Q.=  70  -  166  Hg.  Sp.  q,.   -  61  -   137 


Standard 

S.   ^'  G.I.Qf  1^.94  ±  .5938  £.   D.gp.^^  ^  ^^^^^  ^  ^^^^ 

Standard  DeYiati,on  Pi  f fere 71,06 
S.D.p   .    „    -  r.I>.  =     3.08 

Ifeans 

K.  .    =  105.51  M.       =  98.01 

^•I.Q.  Sp.Q. 

Maar  Difference 

M.^      -  M.    —   7-. 50 


OorreJAion  betTJeer.  Geno^s^L  Mental  Ability 
And  Spelling  Ability 
Apply-^ng  the  Bearson  product-moment  formula  for  computing 


-21- 

the  oorrelatiJu  coefficient  to  the  two  series  of  182  quotients 
resulted  in  a  correlation  coefficient  oi+»7515  jt.0218« 

Significance  of,  %h.e>.  Correlation 
A  positive  correlation  so  high  as   .TS.  x^lth  so  lov.  a 
ftrobahle  Error  as  .02,  based  upon  n  arly  200  cases,  and  with  a 
standard  deviation  difference  of  only  three  points  (3,08},  is 
very  highly  significant  indeed*     The  low  Probable  iilrror  and  the 
slight  difference  between  the  T^tandard  Dev Ja  ti ois  mean  that  the 
correlation  itself  is  valid.     IDhe  high  degree  of  correlation 
here  shown  indicates  a  very  close,  positive  relationship  between 
general  mental  ability  and  ability  tu  sj>ell.     Sie  fact  of  such  a 
close  relationship  should  be   taloen  into  account  in  teaching 
practise,  aisL   no  teacher  should  rest  content  until  the  pupi]*iF ' 
aoconiplishment  in  spelling  closely  approximates  his  niental  aocom> 
plishmentt   that  is,  imtil  his  Accomplishment  Quotient  for 
spelling   (Intelligence  Quotient  divided  by  Spelling  Quotient) 
aporoximates  100.     Until  this   is   the  case,   the  pupil  is  not 
loarning  to  spell  as  well  as  he  is  capable  of  learning.     For  the 
inevitable  corrol^y  of  low  accomplishment  quotients  is  inade- 
quate teaching. 


~Z2- 

Farther  Uorrelatijii.  Between  S.I.d.*s  and  So.Q.  *s 
In  order   tj  carry  the   investigation  a  littie   faj-ther  an 
atteraut  vas  maiie   to  measarR   the  increase,   if  any,    in  the  correl- 
ation bott.'ecn  the  general  mental  ability  and  the  soelling  ability 
of  a  graduating  clasB.     Of  this  class,  34  pupils  vere  given  a 
secoud  spelliiig  test.     The  F-pelling  Quotiests  were  coniijuted,  and 
the  correlations  botwesn  CJ.I.Q.  and  the  Spelling  iuotientK  de- 
rived from  the  tvo  spelling  tests  7;ore  caicalated.      It  was   found 
that  the  correlation  on  the  first  set  of  r;p,   ij, 's  vjas     .67,  while 
that  on  the  second  set  of  If).   Q. 's  was     .S9,    the  latter   oeing 
an  increase  of  .02  over  the  former. 
The  results  are  as  follows j 

Number  of  Gases    =   54 
;es 


Hg.  =     70  -   141      -ig.         =  70-116     Vg.  =  70  -   130 

G.I.Q.  Sp.q;  Sp.Q^ 

Standard  Ijeviatioits 

n.J)._        ^  =  16.18+1.87  S.D.^      .,1-12.19+1.40     Ci^        2=12.26^.41 


S.D,  —    S.D.  ,=  3.99  S.D.  —  S.D. 

G.I.q.  Sjj.a.l  G.I.Q.  To. 

Sp.ti  2 


Sp.Q. 


«-G, 

.1.^. 

-109.20 

^•G. 

,I.Q- 

-  ^-Sp.Q. 

,1=11.0                   L^^j^. 

^Sp.^.2=58.7 


•Sn.Q.2=10.50 


Correlations  betvjeen  Geaeral  Lleataj,  Ability  and 
Spelling  Ability 

r,   -  r,=  .02 

1         a 

'2he  iacreasa  in  correlation  is  proably  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  class  lisas  stadyia^^  lists  of  words  in  vbich  were  included  sobs 
of  the  ivords  also  incladed  in  the  Buclcingham-Ayres  lists.     !!!h@ 
text  being  used  «as  Peao'sou  and  Suzzalo*s  '^Essentials  of  C pel- 
ling."     Undoubtedly  the  increase  in  the  amount  of  correlation 
wooid  have  been  greater,  had  it  not  been  for  the  unfaTorablo 
conditions  under  iidiich  the  tests  were  given  the  second  tisrie. 
Pressure  of  •erorlc  caused  the  givir^g  of  the   x  ists  to  be  delayed 
until  close  to  the  graduation  period  (tlure*  mod  >-    iio\:  the  date 
of  the  first  teste).     Che  pupil?  were  of  course  exyitcu  and 
nervous,   their  attention  and  concentration  dissipated. 
Under  noi-:  j    ooKditions   the  correlation  would  therefore  pirobably 


have  been  increosed  considerably  more   than  it  actually  was. 

Correlations    ie^ween  S.I.Q. ,  Aritimetic.  aaotler.ts. 
g  jellii.  -,  ^aotients,   a.rd  Conpletion  Q,aQtients. 

Another  short  study,   not  es.ooci'-illy  oertiKent  perhaps 
to  this   satdy,    out  of   allied  interest,  was  made   to  determive   the 
difference   aetv.een  correlations   oetweon  general  mental  ability 
and  soellinr.  aoility,  gener  a  mental  ability  and  ability  to   uer- 
forra  in  the  Bslley-Trabue  Completion  Test  lixercise  alpha,  and 
Senerai  mental  ability  aiA  ability  in  arithmetic  as  measured  by  the 
Woody-lfcCall  mixed  Pundaraentals   test. 

^e  following-  figures  give  the  facts  discovtjred* 
ijomber  of  C^ses     77 
r.anKes 

Hg.  =^  62  -155  Rg.  =  35  -  138 

Compl.Q  Arith.Q. 

Standard  Deviations 

S.D.  =18.4a-*-1.004  '    S.D,„        „  15.197:^.826 

G.I.Q.  -  So.   Q.  - 

S.Da        ,    ,=  16.5(>+.903  S.D.,    .  ^^   ^     14.257^.775 

Comol.Q.  -  ATith.Q.  - 

£ tandard  Deviation  Differences 

S.D.^    -.F.D.^        ,=-3.263       S.D.^   r-S.D._    ,   =1.406 

S.D.     — S.  D.    =1.857       S,  D.   —  S.  D.      -  .840 
G.I  Q.     CJom,)i.  Q..  Sp..  Q.     Arith.... 

3.D.     — S.  D.    =4.203       S.  D.   -  E.  D.     =  2.346 
G. I.Q.     Arith.a.  Compl.  Q.  Arith.  Q. 


-25- 

^ans 

M.  =109.13  M.  =101.   42 

G.I.Q.  Sp.   Q. 

M.  =105.13  M.,    .^.    ^,   =93.65 

Ooraple.Q.  Aritti.Q. 

Mean  Di  f ferenees 

M.  —   -.U  =7.71  :i.  —  :i.  =  3.71 

G.r.Q.  Sp.   Q.i  Sp.   Q.  Compi.   Q. 

^•S.    I.Q.-  "'•Oompl.f.^-'^"  ^-Sp.   Q.--^-Arith.  Q.=  ^'^ 

II.G.I.Q.   —  :i.  =15.48  I,!.  -M.  ^11.48 

Arith  Q.  Comol.Q.     Ar.th.  0.. 

Gorrelation  Coefficients 
'G.  I.Q.   -  G,).r^-«113i-°26  r  5^  i.Q..,omnl.Q.=  +.8417+.022 

rG.I.Q.-^ritir.i^020J:.063 

The  abovo  data  present  facts  of  considerable  signifiCince. 
All  three  of  the  correlations  are  extremely  high,  witla  extremely 
low  Probable  .irrors.     And  yet  the  :,feaji  differences  are  so  great 
as  to  seem  to  indicate,  if  they  stood  alone,   that  there  vas  no  great 
roli  tionshi^:!   aetv.eevi  the  fanctions   iv.volved  in  the  four   types  of 
activity  hero  called  for.     This   is,    of  cowse,   in  viev;  of  the 
correlations   obtaii.ed,   a  clear  case  of  inadequate  teachivg. 
Especially  so  is   this   true  in  the  case  of  arithmetic.     That  all 
the   oapils  of  the  group  should  be  so  far  below  their  mental  acoom- 
plishraent  in  their  arxthmetioal  achievemeit,  aii^ht  be  explicable 


■26- 


on  the  grounds   that  the  abilities  iy.volved  aro  not  related,      ;3at 
the  hi^h  correlation  shown  -  much  higher  even  than  in  the  case  of 
Spellir,g  or  Comolstion  >taotients  -  obviates  this   bolief.      It  is 
sim^ily  a  case  v.heroin  the  iustructiju  is  at  faalt,   co  grievoasly 
at  faalt  that  not  oven  the  brightest  ouoils   in  the  grjap  ar«  get- 
ting therefrom  nearly  ^  1  of  vahat  should  be  exnected  of  them.      It 
is  evident   that  the    jupils  are   learning  in  direct  ratio  to  their 
ability  -  but  the  toDrtally  15-year-old  is   or.iy  about  12  years 
old  in  aritiunetic.  1  ability,  vhile   the  mentally  1)- year-old  is 
only  about  8  years  old  in  terms  of  aritiunetical  ao^oraolishmeiit. 

In  the  situation  here  deolcted  is  alearly  represented  the 
need  for  a  close  study  of  instructional  methods,   in  all  of 
the  subjects   involved,   but  more  soecifically  in  arithmetic 
and  Boelling,      A.  study  of  the  marlcs  recejived  oy  these  77   ouoils 
shows   that  approximately  one- third   (31%)   are  ohroi-ic  failures 
in  s.)oliing,  while  over  one-half  (53%)  consister.tiy  fail  in 
arithmetic.      It  is  the  puroose  of  such  studies  as   this   to  ooint 
out  the  defects   in  the   instructional  methods.      It  is    the  duty 
of  the  school  administrator  to  determine  just  wherein  instruction 
is  at  fault:  whether   the  fault  lies  with  the  text-book,   the 
te .  ;her,    or   the  phj^Blcal  plant  of   the  school. 


Hear  A^-os     of     50,456      Mi>iis. 
Crrades     1-8 

UOx pf  ^as   s 


Grrade 

:fear.  Age     Butte 
1914 

Des   .'.ioines        'Ta^ja 
1921                 1921 

"jslcford 
15-16 

■^t.   Paul 
1917 

Total 

1  -   n 

i.24              8-8 

Ifx? 

133 

709 

1410 

4687 

1  -  A 

7.04           3::8 

867 

57 

1851 

3516 

2-3 

7.47              5,Q§ 

1290 

84 

523 

1284 

3689 

2  -   A 

8.12              ^90 

739 

55 

1696 

3289 

3  -    3 

5.60              5o6 

1251 

33 

510 

1291 

3641 

3  -   A 

9.35               Zii7 

608 

90 

1528 

3214 

4-3 

9.73               444 

1140 

77 

505 

1191 

3357 

4  -   A 

10.18               346 

822 

50 

416 

1239 

2873 

5  -   B 

10.69              443 

114^; 

95 

562 

1?19 

3467 

5  -  A 

11.41              346 

78'^ 

50 

3^4 

1321 

2870 

o  -   3 

11.81              586 

lv;5& 

90 

478 

1155 

3170 

5  -   A 

12.36               3;il 

661 

57 

313 

1286 

2648 

7  -   3 

12.78              3:^8 

l^oj 

78 

396 

1014 

2906 

13.01               213 

702 

38 

320 

1321 

2594 

8-3 

13.66               209 

921 

59 

341 

675 

2405 

14.12               159 

611 

50 

258 

1052 

2130 

Total 

6232 

15.434 

ijy6 

6928 

ZO.   766 

50^  456 

Uean  Age  per  jji-ade:- 

ffi-ade, 

1                  2                    3 

4 

5                 6 

7 

8 

Age 

11.05        12. 

09          12. 

91          13.89 

S!id- 

7.22          6.435        9 

'.515     10> 

,505        11.57 

i,:.395 

iSean  Increnent       1.0357 


Ifiat  of  Be  fere  noes 

1.  iJutte,  ilontana,  Survey  CJommissioR  F;e,30rt,   1914}      -ioard 

of  i^ohool  Trustees,   Butte,  -Montana. 

2.  Ifepa,  California,  ^Kshool    building  Hurvey,  1921»  University 

of  California,  lienartment  of  Education,   Suraaa  of 
"esearch  in  .^duoation:  Study  number  2 

3.  l^ockford,   Illinois,  Feview  of  Public  fichools,  1915  -1916»  OSae 

3oard  of  Sduoation,  Eockford,    Illinois. 

4.  St.   Paul,  Hinr.esota,  Harvey  'vioaaiisaion  i;eport,  1915:  City 

Oounoil,  '^t.  Paul,  Llinnesota. 

5.  Franzen,  Haymond,   "She  -^oomplishment  Quotient,"  Teachers 

College  T;ecord,   November,  1920:  aureau  o:?  Publications, 
Teashei's  College,  *-^olumbia  University,  Hew  York. 

6.  HiBlley,  Trumari  Lee,  "A  ilethod  of  ^cale  Construction,"  n«hool 

and  Tociety,  Tol,   lY,   (pa^-es  34  -  37,  71  )j  Science  Press, 
Qanason^on^Hudson,  H.  T. 

7.  Keiley,  Truman  Lee,   "Individual  Testing  with  Completion  T«8t 

Sxercises,"  i-eachers  Golleiie  Record,  September,   1918: 
Bureau  of  Publicatiojis,   'i^eachers  College,  Columbia 

University,  Hev.'  7or&. 


^1 


Division,  0!3>)aflnK    (Calif.)  ^blio  I'choola,  Boreaa 

of  ""esearoh  i:^'  .".  Zg,  7irgil  :s.  Dj-OJksoc,* 

?4rwtor. 

9.     Var.   -sagenen,  Uarvln  J«,   "A  "T^olt?  far  --^ompatlrii;  Moark   i,v,4i'vldtt.-jl 
reores  in  ^ducat I  onai  Posies,'*  Terrohors  ooll«^:tt  K»cord, 
30¥'*ia^r  I920»   isar.  Bib**  ?.  C,  Rol.    ftsiT.,  "?.  T. 


i 


665283 


a.     ,-.// 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


LANGE  LIBRARY  OI    tDUCATION 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CAl.1FORN:a 

BERKELEY.  CALIFORNIA. 


